Law and Religion - 1173 Words

Religion began as a way to explain unfathomable gaps in understanding how the world and the things within it worked. It became a fundamental part of many lives because it gave the population faith and understanding as to why things functioned the way they did. Unexplainable events were concluded as the will of a higher being, as it was the simplest rational. Nonetheless, time has shifted, and with different ages comes change. However important they were when our kind had no other explanation for the universe or way to be governed; religious beliefs have become undermined by our development and advancement in the understanding of our morals and needs to provide order and reason: law. What is law and what is religion? Law does not have†¦show more content†¦When religious beliefs come before the laws of the country, and essentially become the laws of the country, the government is easily susceptible to becoming a dictatorship. The individuals living within the nation would be assimilated to the religion willingly, taught it at birth, or forced to believe it in fear of committing an illegal act. Most people would develop an inseverable faith to their religion, and those that did not would be suppressed by surrounding individuals. Due to the fact that god is seen as a superior above all humanity and things that exist to practitioners of religion, his word is followed without question. Granted that a dictatorship is a government run or ruled by a dictator, would you not agree that a theocracy is under a form of dictatorship, because the dictator would be god? God is not present physically in government, so representatives - even if corrupted and manipulative - are said to speak the word of god and are followed without hesitance. Religion cannot come before laws or become the laws of the country because when beliefs become laws, circumstantially a dictated way to behave or act is set; this results in the hindering of unique beliefs and possible manipulation that contribute to the shunning of individuality and healthy development of a nation. It is said that law is biased in several ways pertaining to religion and is therefore controversial or flawed, however that is not the case due toShow MoreRelatedReligion And Religious Laws On Religion975 Words   |  4 Pagesmany religions that humans have incorporated into their lives. All religions have certain moral rules that they want their followers and society have to obey without questioning why the rules exist. Some of the religious rules have put limits on humans that go completely against human nature. This because we as humans are consider as mammals and animals as well Although there are many positive views of religion there are also many negative aspects to religious laws. For centuries, religion has putRead MoreReligion Based Laws And Islamic Law Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesTunisia, Egypt and Libya), Islamic law exists as the foundation of these regional countries. Within many of these predominantly Islamic African nations, political law and Islamic law intertwin e. With this being said, all homosexual conduct is criminalized in Northern countries such as Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. â€Å"Morality laws,† which are religion-based laws, tremendously limit the freedom of expression of LGBT individuals (â€Å"Sexual Orientation Laws In The World – Overview†). PeopleRead MoreLinks Between Law And Religion2795 Words   |  12 PagesPaper: Prompt #4 – Links between Law and Religion Law is one of the critical foundations of modern society. It acts as the system through which we resolve conflict and explore moral values (Lecture Notes). In the context of modern western practices of law, we often associate it with a more secular understanding of law and punishment, deriving decisions from evidence and prescribe punishments based on more secular values; however, the link between law and religion varies from region to region, fromRead MoreRelationship Between Law And Religion1268 Words   |  6 Pages There are complex, unsolidified relationship between law and religion. The issues to be examined are conflicts concerning the free exercise of religion in the criminal justice system. Hence, in the case of Pastor Sarah, it has become quickly apparent for her how interconnected the church and legal system intersect. Pastor Sarah once a criminal lawyer is now a pastor, and has come across issues that she thought she would not have to encounter in her profession as min ister. She states, â€Å"In the midstRead MoreThe Law Constituents And Religion Affairs Essay1989 Words   |  8 PagesThe law constituents and religion affairs are largely used in the decision making process due to there is a concrete evidence that can be proven and has concern to many parties, God and a state. However, the consideration to use ethics to be positioned in the same place as law and religion is doubtful and questionable due to its stances merely stands upon personal attitudes, beliefs, and values to determine the actions of right or wrong. Ethics used as benchmarks to examine the assumptions of whatRead MoreDietary Laws of the Jewish Religion Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Jewish religion dietary laws are one of the most important parts of keeping the faith. These laws are thought to be sent from God to keep the Jewish people pure. Over the year it has became easier for Jews to eat kosher but many people have chosen to assimilate with passing time. A traditi on that started around 3500 years ago that has kept its importance. Around 1275 B.C.E many of the Jewish prophets started to talk about kashrut otherwise known as keeping kosher. They talked about how GodRead MoreThe Banning Of Movies On Lgbt, Religion, Laws, And History1532 Words   |  7 Pagesthe lengths of labelling homosexuality as illegal by law. This not only affects the thinking of citizens of those countries, but also oppress people that identify as LGBTQ in those respective countries. The question as to why prejudice happens in the world has been a question that lingered for the longest time. Several factors contribute to the attitudes and views of various cultures towards LGBT, namely religion, laws, and history. Religion has a big influence on the attitudes of certain culturesRead MoreLiterature, Law Codes, And Archaic Sumerian Religion1003 Words   |  5 Pagesresources as well as the untamable nature of their deluge environment led these early people to believe their futures veered on a harsh predetermined course. This essay will demonstrate that many prominent sources in ancient literature, law codes, and archaic Sumerian religion reflect the rigorous geographic and natural conditions which caused this deterministic mindset. The Epic of Gilgamesh, perhaps the most important literary piece of Mesopotamia, displays a world in which even the mightiest of humanRead MoreThe Process Of Making And Changing Laws Varies Throughout Regions, Cultures And Religions1245 Words   |  5 Pages Mid Term #2 Prompt 1 The process of making and changing laws varies throughout regions, cultures and religions. This trend applies to all religions, no matter how similar they may appear. Take for example, Catholicism and Judaism; religions that share common traits in beliefs, customs and law. These similarities may lead people to believe their legal process of legal change is also cognate, but that is not the case. Although their process of legal change may appear as similar, the key differencesRead More The Impact of Morality, Religion, and Law Upon Advertising Essay examples5091 Words   |  21 PagesThe Impact of Morality, Religion, and Law Upon Advertising Religion and other value systems are certainly crucial in defining and sanctioning sex and decency. Moslem countries tend to frown upon all kinds of salacious displays and even indirect sexual references. Similar Christian standards operate in such countries as Ireland, South Africa, Mexico, and the Philippines. Other cultures may be considered rather tolerant in sexual matters (for example, French commercials on public television readily

Essay on Thomas Mores Utopia as a Social Model - 1256 Words

Thomas Mores Utopia as a Social Model In his famous work Utopia, Sir Thomas More describes the society and culture of an imaginary island on which all social ills have been cured. As in Platos Republic, a work from which More drew while writing Utopia, Mores work presents his ideas through a dialogue between two characters, Raphael Hythloday and More himself. Hythloday is a fictional character who describes his recent voyage to the paradisal island of Utopia. Throughout the work, Hythloday describes the laws, customs, system of government, and way of life that exist in Utopia to an incredulous and somewhat condescending More. Throughout the work, Hythloday presents a society organized to overcome the flaws of human†¦show more content†¦Gluttony is another deadly sin that Hythloday claims is easily overcome. According to him, the source of gluttony is fear of a future lack of something, especially a necessity of life such as food. As Hythloday explains to More, For why would he be likely to seek too much, when he knows for certain that his needs will always be met? A man is made greedy and grasping either by the fear of need (a fear common to all creatures) or else (in man alone) by pride, which thinks it glorious to surpass others in superfluous show. This kind of vice has no place at all in the ways of Utopians. (More 59) Others of the deadly sins are to be overcome, as are pride and gluttony, by encouraging the practice of their corresponding virtues. Sloth is to be overcome by requiring the practice of industry; covetousness by the practice of generosity (in addition to the abolition of private property); envy through respect; pride through humility; gluttony through modesty; and lechery through continence (the Utopians punished extra- or pre-marital sexual intercourse harshly). Wrath, which seems to be the lone exception, is to be treated not through the general practice of its corresponding virtue, peacemaking, but by removing the things that enrage people in the first place. Like Plato, who wrote beforeShow MoreRelated Literary Utopian Societies Essays1747 Words   |  7 Pagesthe reality of the next†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nelson 108). Throughout time, great minds have constructed their own visions of utopia. Through the study of utopias, one finds that these â€Å"perfect† societies have many flaws. For example, most utopias tend to have an authoritarian nature (Manuel 3). Also, another obvious imperfection found in the majority of utopias is that of a faulty social class system (Thomas 94). But one must realized that the flaws found in utopian societies serve a specific purpose. These faultsRead MoreUtopia, by Thomas More: Your Wost Nightmare Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesUtopia is a brilliant novel written by Thomas More. The idea of a utopia seems impossible, how can anyone live in a perfect place when perfection is in the eyes of the beholder? The Utopia in this novel is nothing more than abundant of already established ideas therefore it canâ₠¬â„¢t not truly be a Utopia. The abolition of private property is one of Mores chief criticisms of Utopia; it seems to mimic the common understandings of communism, which Thomas More’s character Raphael has been accused of protectingRead More Utopia - The Impossibility of Perfection Essay example1686 Words   |  7 PagesUtopia - The Impossibility of Perfection The latter end of [this] commonwealth forgets the beginning. ?William Shakespeare, The Tempest From Platos The Republic to Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto, the search for a perfect social state has never stopped; its ultimate goal of achieving a human society that exists in absolute harmony with all due social justice, however, has proved to be woefully elusive. The pure concept of a utopia can be theoretically visualized as a perfect geometricRead MoreA Utopian Society By Russel Jacoby1129 Words   |  5 PagesA utopian society is fictional society in which everything from social standards and political ideas are done in such a way that leads everyone to live in a harmonious state. Russel Jacoby, a historian, noted two forms of utopias; â€Å"blueprint utopianism,† which more along the lines of a model or outline of a utopia in which a government could follow, this is the one Thomas Mores book is more likely to fall under, the other type is â€Å"iconoclastic utopianism,† is the one that is much more idealized andRead MoreThomas More s Utopia?1464 Words   |  6 Pages Thomas More’s Utopia By: Jocelyn Torres English 2322 12 October 2017 Jocelyn Torres English 2322 Read MoreA Utopian Society By Sir Thomas More1608 Words   |  7 Pagesperfection, or utopias, have been attempted. Bound by politics, societal and economic factors, and personal endeavors, they perish under the exact terms that sparked their creation. Sir Thomas More, a renowned Renaissance humanist, attempts to defy that stigma through his recollection of an island called Utopia. His ideas, however, are incapable of maintaining a flawless state of content between the expectations and desires of both its residents and government. In reality, More’s â€Å"perfect† UtopianRead MoreSir Thomas More s Utopia And Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1454 Words   |  6 PagesSir Thomas More’s Utopia and Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince reflect the ideals of the Renaissance. Their reflections of the Renaissance are similar; however, their representations of the Renaissance also have distinct differences. The Renaissance or â€Å"rebirth† was a cultural movement that accompanied the passage of Europe from the Middle Ages to modern times. Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian civic humanist, historian, diplomat, philosopher, politician, and writer during the Renaissance. He appliedRead MoreEssay on Utopia1351 Words   |  6 Pages Thomas More’s, Utopia is one of the most politically and socially influential texts to date. His audience, which ranges from academic and social scholars to college students, all can gain a different understanding of the work and it’s meaning. In order to fully comprehend More’s message, one must have an appreciation for the time and culture in which he lived. After grasping historical concepts, one reads Utopia, not as just a volume recounting a fictitious island society, but rather as a critiqueRead More A Deconstruction Reading of Thomas Mores Utopia Essay1785 Words   |  8 PagesA Deconstruction Reading of Thomas Mores Utopia Thomas Mores Utopia is the bastard child of European conventions and humanist ideals. Inspired by Mores belief in the elevation of human manners, education, and morals, the text also concedes to the omnipresent traditions of European society. While More accepts parentage of the text, he distances himself from its radical notions and thinly veiled condemnation of Europes establishment. Through the use of a benign narrator, Raphael HythlodayRead More Society in Utopia by Thomas More Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesSociety in Utopia by Thomas More In his book Utopia, Thomas More examines a society that seems to be the ideal living situation for human beings. The main thesis of Utopia is his solution to many of the problems that are being faced in English society in the early 16th century. In forming his ideas for the country of Utopia, More points out many of the problems that he sees in English society. One of the most striking examples of English social problems that More points out is the punishment

A Day I’Ll Never Forget Free Essays

When you wake up in the morning; you never know what to expect. People get up as though everyday will be a normal day. People go to work or school and live their daily lives. We will write a custom essay sample on A Day I’Ll Never Forget or any similar topic only for you Order Now The day of October 31, 2011 my daughter’s mother was induce becuase she was pass her due date. That day was crazy from waking up in the morning and the trip to the hositpal. From watching my daughter’s mother go through the pain she went through and when the time came when my daughter was born was a unrealistic feeling. The day of October 31, 2011 I will never forget that day. My girlfriend and I woke up at five o’clock in the morning , and we said a prayer together. We got ready and left the house at 7 o’clock am. For some reason, driving to the hospital seemed to take longer than usual. I remember everything about this day as if it was yesterday. We arrived to Morton Plant Hospital and proceeded to the Labor and Delivery unit. The halls were very quiet and I remember thinking to myself this is it this is the day thats gonna change my life forever. After the doctors and the nurses induce my daughter’s mother it was nothing but a waiting period. After a few hours, my daughter’s mother began to have some normal contractions she was able to handle them for small period of time; however, the contraction came to become more painful to her. I never wintessed anybody go thourgh no type of pain like she went thourgh. I ask her what the contractions felt like she said,† The pain is like having your insides twisted, pulled, and squeezed combined with someone stabbing you in the stomach. † The only thing I can say to myself is ouch! After hours of toture pain she couldnt take it anymore, so she went ahead a got a epidurals. When she got the epidural the pain easily ease away. Thank God for epidurals. The time has come after fourteen hours of been in the hospital it was time. My daughter’s mother had a dialte to ten centemeter and it was time to push . I have never been so scared it was like I was in a hunted house and I couldnt get out. After a few pushes and me almost passing out on the floor she was finally here. When my daughter arrived, I jumped up really high and scream out it’s a boy I dont know what I saw but I thought she was a boy. She was born healthy and was the cuties baby I ever seen. I never been so happy like I was that day. The day my daughter was born I will never forget. While I’ll was expecting a baby boy; I got a beautiful baby girl. That day was a unforgetable day. From the time we woke up that morning and getting to the hositpal . Watching the labor pain my child’s mother was going thourgh was the scariest thing I ever saw. The most important feeling was watching the birth of my child. Watching the birth of my baby girl was a unrealistic feeling. How to cite A Day I’Ll Never Forget, Essay examples

Prom Night Memories Essay Example For Students

Prom Night Memories Essay It’s the night before I go to Atlanta and I am beyond excited. My flight is early in the morning and I am so ready to go. I checked my flight once more before I go to bed and I noticed instead of my flight saying a. m. , it says p. m. At this moment I am livid, my head felt like an erupting volcano and I have no one to blame but myself. Luckily my grandpa works for Fort Lauderdale Hollywood International Airport and he told me that he would fix it in the morning. That makes me feel a little better but it still makes me feel like I’m walking on egg shells because I don’t know what to expect. I force myself to sleep because in a matter of hours I will see my boyfriend, get ready for prom, and have the night of my life. I woke up at 5:00 a. m. and sit up in my bed trying to blink through the darkness of my room. As of right now I am having mixed emotions, I am excited, anxious, and nervous at the same time. I get up, get dressed and check my bag to make sure I have everything in it. When we get to the airport we immediately go to terminal two and talk to the agent at the Delta desk. She said that there were a lot of flights going to Atlanta and she put me on the first one, however I was on standby. That is the absolute worst was way to fly, especially when you have important activities to tend to. I get through security and make my way to gate D7. I immediately go to the monitor to look for my name on the standby flights and I got bumped several times so now I have to wait for the next flight. I fell asleep and was awakened an hour or two later by the aroma of bagels and fresh coffee. I was sitting there for another hour and a half. My grandpa came to check on me, shortly after he arrived the woman at the front desk called my name. I jumped up and did a run-walk to the counter and she informed me that I was cleared to get on the flight. I got my ticket, said goodbye to my grandpa and proceeded to the plane. When the plane landed I was smiling from ear to ear because I was so excited. As soon as I got to Harts-field Jackson Airport I immediately got lost, I get lost every time it never fails. When I finally got to where I was supposed to be, I saw my boyfriend waiting for me near baggage claim. I almost tackled him because I was so excited to finally see him. When we arrived at his house my aunt was already there to do my make-up and I already had my hair done so that part was taken care of. After my make-up was done I went to go get dressed. I was in the bathroom for at least fifteen minutes admiring myself. When I was done I tried to leave the bathroom and the door would not open. At this moment I started to panic because I didnt know how to get myself out of there. The make-up on my face felt like it was melting away as the light in the bathroom seemed to get brighter. I had to calm myself down and bang on the door until someone could hear me. My boyfriend finally came to open the door and that was such a relief because I thought my last moments of my life were going to be in that bathroom. After I escaped that death trap, it was picture time! My dress was pink and I wore sparkly champagne gold six-inch heels and gold accessories. My boyfriend wore a white tuxedo and his vest was pink to match my dress. We went outside and his mom and my aunt took over a million pictures until we told them it was time for us to leave. We got into the Durango and headed to prom! When we got there everything looked amazing. The lights were dim and the other illuminating source of light was a slight fire and it looked really nice. There was a lady that wore a sparkly bra and a long skirt, she was so memorable because she had a huge snake around her neck. .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 , .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 .postImageUrl , .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 , .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32:hover , .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32:visited , .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32:active { border:0!important; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32:active , .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32 .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uffa56e3e905afca23d377c92bb08ab32:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parenting EssayThere was also a guy that was juggling sharp objects, it was dangerous but exciting at the same time. It was absolutely stunning! We walked through and my boyfriend introduced me to his friends and he had a lot of friends, and some of them knew who I was but I didnt know them at all. We went outside and I took pictures with girls that I’ve never seen before and I loved it because it kind of made me feel like a celebrity. After all of the pictures and meeting new people, we decided to eat. For the most part the menu was pretty good. I had sliders, wings and this red juice that was horrifying to my taste buds. When were done eating we got up to dance and the dance floor was packed every seat in the building was empty. There was one particular song that everyone turned all the way up to and one girl stomped really hard on my toe. I was done dancing for the night after that because the pain was excruciating. I was a little disappointed that I didnt get to slow dance with my boyfriend like couples do in the cute movies with the happy ending. So my boyfriend and I just sat outside and enjoyed the beautiful view of the moon and the stars. It was almost time for prom to come to an end and everyone was asking if we were going to the after parties. We didnt plan on going to any parties because we really werent interested. Since his mom got us a hotel that’s where we spent our night after prom. The prom is a rite of passage that has always been one of the most important rituals of American youth. It is a day in our lives that we never forget a day full of hopes and dreams (NY Times, 2013). My prom night was special for me because I got to spend it with someone who means so much to me and I treasured ever moment we spent together that night. If I could hit the redo button, I wouldnt change a anything.

Aids Essays - HIVAIDS, RTT, Poliomyelitis, Vaccines, Lentiviruses

Aids Essays - HIVAIDS, RTT, Poliomyelitis, Vaccines, Lentiviruses Aids Scientists have concluded, based on mathematical research, that the virus that lead to the epidemic of AIDS can be traced all the way back to 1930, somewhere around Central Africa. Bette Korber, of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, presented this conclusion at the Conference of Retroviruses. The notion that HIV was introduced in contaminated oral polio vaccines in Africa between the years of 1957 and 1961 has been often debated and challenged. The results presented by Korber, not only refute the before mentioned allegations, but also move us toward finding out where the virus really came from and in which direction it is heading in the future. The first sample discovered in 1959 comes from a man in Congo, who died as a member of the M class of HIV, the type that most people are infected with today. However old the virus was, it was evident that it wasnt the first of its kind. The reason that the virus was ever connected to polio is because in the same year of 1959, the introduction of oral polio vaccines, supposedly tested on chimpanzees, came to the continent of Africa. However in reality, states Stanley Plotkin of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, the introduction of HIV in chimpanzees occurred well before the polio vaccine. The machine used in the process of determination is the Los Alamos Nirvana Machine, which is capable of making one trillion calculations per second. After plugging in dates, formulas and locations, the Nirvana located the origin of the HIV virus as being 1930, however the range of error shows that it could have been anywhere from 1915 to 1942. The Nirvana was also able to determine that the virus appeared in the Caribbean Islands such as Haiti, in the 1960s, while it came to America more than ten years later. It is quite definite that the virus came from chimpanzees in the area around Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African rainforest. It most probably passed onto the hunters while they were butchering the animals. After that, the virus has taken on six different strands, and is spread in humans mostly through sexual intercourse. Issue The matter being discussed here is the AIDS epidemic. AIDS and the HIV virus are very real issues in the world and especially in America. Whether it is the needle of the syringe of a junkie, a blood transfusion or the exchange of bodily fluids, people are getting infected and dying every day with this disease, and there is no remedy. Each day thousands of researchers scientists and mathematicians try to go further, so that they might bring the world closer to a cure. A lot of progress has been made, and as a result people are living ten, fifteen, and even twenty years with AIDS. This article demonstrates to us that developments are still being made, and we are slowly but surely approaching a revolutionary discovery. Opinion It is very refreshing for me to read articles of this kind. I see people dying of AIDS and it scares me to think that, if I am not overly cautious, it could be me as well. The fact that we are making progress such as this, where we now know that HIV really originated thirty years before we presumed, is leading us to understand more about this epidemic. The more we understand about where it came from, the better our chances of understanding what caused it, and how to cure it. I realize that the discovery of a vaccine is still far off, and there is a chance that there will never be a complete cure. However, with each new scientific discovery, I have a renewed hope in our civilizations survival of the plague we commonly call AIDS.

Americas Youth essays

America's Youth essays Throughout the ages, war has altered and shaped the paths of history. Such carnage and butchery has taken a heavy toll on mankind, but it has, nonetheless, created who we are and the being of our ancestors as well. There will always be disagreements and even conflicts between men, but should the mistakes of the past not be remedied in the present day? The American Revolution clearly made a lasting impression on the world, then and now, but most living in America at the time were not significantly skewed from their previous life. The actual words of the Constitution were not upheld and the structure imagined had yet to take shape throughout the young country. The result was many individuals constantly moving about the land, trying to make the best for their families as they always had, but now with seemingly limitless possibilities. Economically, much had changed, but in peoples day-to-day lives, much was still the same. Generally, the typical story of the American Revolution is true. A handful of patriots joined forces with military leaders and the newly formed Continental Army and somehow managed to defeat the British army and the United States of America were formed, ensuring liberty and freedom for its inhabitants forever. The main effect of the Revolution was America could now build an economy of its own, which was not an option, but a necessity. A new era of self-sufficiency had begun and there were many options in both manufacturing and agriculture. Thus, individuals could try their hand at a myriad of professions or trades and if talented enough, could become quite successful. Much like a teenager who just left home, America had to start to fend for itself. The economy was quite turbulent, as there was a lack of real control. Companies and trades waxed and waned with homeland demand and as soon as this was diminished, a new venture was taken. With independence came many opportunities. These money-ma...

World Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World Cinema - Essay Example With this close-up shot, the audience could notice that her eyes are looking towards the left or the shadowed side of her face. This reflects the confusion in her mind, the shrouded mystery of why this has happened to her which seems to be more poignant to her than all the physical suffering that she has endured. Also a sense of shame can be interpreted from her gaze to the left as she does not look directly to the audience. Just by the opening close-up shot on the Bride’s face, we can already sense that the whole movie will revolve around her tribulations and suffering, but more importantly, in her uncovering why this has happened to her. The following scene then shows a combination of a close-up shot and a tracking shot of an unknown person’s shoes walking left to right. These combinations of shots give an impending feeling to the audience yet at the same time, a mysterious aura because only the sleek leather shoes of the person is shown in the frame. The next scene goes back to the close-up shot on the Bride’s distorted face and the tip of the shoe seen earlier is now visible on the lower-right portion of the frame meaning this scene is a conjunction of the two previous scenes. At that precise moment, the Bride’s face tilts towards the right a little, exposing her face more than before and her eyes look towards the right as well. Her eyes convey the impression of fear on the person drawing near her. Her eyes also tell implicitly that the person who gave her the bruises and cuts on her face is the person is the person she is looking at right now. With the close-up shot, one could clearly see the trembling of her lips as the person in leather shoes moves in on her. She closes her eyes a little as if not wanting to see the person in front of her. The unknown person reaches out his hand holding a handkerchief to wipe the bleeding of the face of the Bride only for the Bride to look away and reject this person’s s how of compassion. Particularly

Boutique Hotels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boutique Hotels - Essay Example It will also explore how the notion of the boutique hotel has evolved over time but still remains an important mainstay within the market. In particular, it will consider the factors that have influenced the growth in the boutique hotel sector. Swig (2000) examined the boutique hotel in more detail, suggesting that, whilst the major hotel chains are not suffering in any meaningful way, the boutique hotel never-the-less presents the consumer with a new and interesting option within the accommodation market. Swig (2000) suggests that an important characteristic of a boutique hotel is that the theme of the accommodation is somehow linked to the destination or neighbourhood in which it is situated, as well as taking into account the personality of the intended consumer. The article also uncovers the characteristics of this consumer, quoting Chip Conley (of Joie de Vivre Hotels); â€Å"sophisticated, artistic, literary and conscious† (Swig, 2000, p2). The boutique hotel may be hard to define in any definite terms, but essentially this is the purpose of the boutique hotel – it represents the personality of the individual consumer, in opposition to the chain hotels (Mcintosh & Siggs, 2005). Wilson (2004) covered in more detail what she termed ‘the boutique mystique’, stating that ‘not every distinctive property is a â€Å"boutique hotel† (p54). The emphasis on properly defining a boutique hotel suggests that it must be â€Å"trendy† (p55) in a similar way to the 1960s fashion boutiques. This means that the boutique hotel is not limited to traditional standards of beautiful architecture; indeed, many boutique hotels are located within urban areas and utilise refurbished â€Å"ex-factories and warehouses† (McNiell, 2008, p383). Thompson & Thompson (1995) suggest that this variety is a contrast to the anonymous larger chains, which is part of the reason why boutique appeals hold such an appeal. McNiell goes onto sugge st that the boutique hotel may not be a separate concept from the traditional B&B (McNiell, 2008, p384). In this case, we can see that some scholars believe that the boutique hotel may not be different to previous choices within the accommodation market. The difficulty in defining a boutique hotel is part of the reason that they appeal to such a wide variety of consumers. McManus (2001) suggests that the hotel consumer is now â€Å"turning to boutique hotels to give them the same services, but with greater intimacy† (p103), and the only applicable term for the boutique hotel user is â€Å"sophisticated† (p104). Fanning (2006) uses the term â€Å"cultural† to describe the consumer. These are both umbrella terms, with the precise demographic and tastes of the boutique user being hard to ascertain precisely because different hotels appeal to different consumers (Lim & Endean, 2009). Iwata (2006) proposed that the boutique hotel appeals more to the homosexual male t han the heterosexual. This literature seems to be in agreement that the boutique hotel offers something different, which contrasts with the opinion of McNiell (2008) above. More evidence that the boutique hotel can be considered different to the standard offerings is the literature exploring the global chains like Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide (Chang & Teo, 2009). There are even chains which

Evidence Base Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evidence Base Practice - Essay Example Evidence based practice refers to straight utilization of the results of scientific research findings to professional practice (Wall, 2008). The adaptation of this method plays a milestone in the history of nursing because through evidence-based nursing practice, nursing will no longer be deemed as a practice based on instincts but will rather a practice backed up with scientific studies that imply steps and procedures that are evidently proven to be effective obtained from the actual phases of study. Embracing Innovations The application of evidence-based practice paves way for a more rational decision making. It presents a basis for a nursing action to be executed. Prior to its integration in the nursing process, nurses must first be completely aware regarding evidence-based practice and the importance of its use. A collaborative effort to solicit adoption of evidence-based practice is in effect presently (Wall, 2008). In a study by Chang et al. (2011), knowledge, skill perception and attitude of nurses regarding evidence-based practice were determined. The study involved nurses from two public hospitals in Singapore which garnered responses from three fourth of the staff census (Chang et. al., 2011). Most of the respondents claimed that they possess moderate skills in terms of research (Chang et. al., 2011). ... As always, with the introduction of change in the conventional methods, it is questioned and opposed by several views. The introduction of something new cannot be totally coined as innovation without challenges and barriers. In his book, Cody (2006) implied the aspect of subjectivity and individuality of the nursing process. He stated the â€Å"nurse-person process† wherein he emphasized that the practice itself cannot be guided by evidence alone. There are certain factors prior to that decision making, like values and principles (Cody, 2006). On the contrary, the study of Chang et al. (2011) focused on resolvable issues like inadequate resources for research. It will be an imperative for hospitals and facilities to establish well equipped libraries and to provide staff opportunities for enhancement of their research skills. The study reflected the positivity of nurses to do research; however, it also highlighted the awareness that there is not enough understanding of statisti cal knowledge in research (Chang, et al., 2011). Assimilation into Practice Evidence-based practice has become a dominant method of thinking in the past two decades (Wall, 2008). Several of the conventional methods used by nurses ten years ago are found to be not applicable anymore overtime due to a number of statistical and factual researches. If given adequate literature and source of valid researches, nurses can start integrating these studies into the practice (Chang, et al., 2011). The main key point in incorporation of evidence into practice is for the nurses to be adept in gathering and analyzing statistical data from researches. As a nurse the integration of evidence based nursing practices is important especially in

The Relationship Between Cinema And Literature Film Studies Essay

The Relationship Between Cinema And Literature Film Studies Essay Introduction: CINEMA and LITERATURE are connected /related to each other but still they are different in their own ways.It has always been one of the most fascinating forms of knowledge which has made great impact on human psyche. From the early magical experiments till the recent release of Ron Howards Angels Demons the relationship between cinema and literature has always been closely intertwined. It has proved on the whole a successful symbiosis, a relationship that remains to this day as inextricable as it is fruitful. Some half century ago, even one French film critic proposed the question as to whether the cinema was capable of surviving without the twin crutches of literature and theatre and the answer was no. Cinema is a nascent art, and as such, it has sought in its most vulnerable years succour from the previous generations of theatre and literature. This Borgesian library traversing ages, cultures and continents, written in a thousand languages, incorporating multitudinous philosophies and wildly incompatible theologies is the rich and fertile soil in which cinema has firmly planted its roots and has ever since flourished because it has recourse to the literature of millennia. Cinema has been a thousand years in the making. The literature of antiquity has provided endless inspiration for cinematic epics likeThe Bible has spawned such films as The King of Kings (1961), David Bathsheba (1951), The Robe (1953), Samson Delilah (1949), and The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) there are countless others. The story of the prophet Moses was most memorably filmed by Cecil B. DeMille as The Ten Commandments (1956), a film that was an amalgam of several novels that were themselves based on the written word of the Hebrew Prophet himself Hindi cinema portrays women in more risquà © clothing, but that doesnt signify progress.   If anything, in their visual and story portrayal of women, most movies seem to be taking India backwards. The British may have left India long ago, but the obsession with fairness and the idolization of foreigners hasnt lessened.   There are an overwhelming number of non-Indian women in dance numbers and landing roles, as in the case of the Brazilian actress in Love Aaj Kal.   Even most of the stars who make it are increasingly the Western ideal: fair and blue-eyed or the ramp model  no Sridevis or Madhuri Dixits to be found. Movie stars represent idealized visions of female beauty, which does change through generations.  Secondly, movie plots are riddled with the outdated virgin or vamp characters.   The vamp is overtly sexual, as if that alone shows strength.   But, if sexuality is to be empowering, it has to be owned, not just the fantasy of men in an item number.   Though stories may demand certain types of characters sometimes, most of the time in Bollywood, the modern, and often bad, woman becomes the one in less clothes and the good woman is the sacrificing, loyal one, even if it means being humiliated.   Even in comparison to decades ago, the handling of wives and affairs is offensively regressive in movies, like No Entry and Biwi No. 1. There were more powerful female characters 30 years ago as in Sharda. Movies like Salaam Namaste may feature strong women but the story unmarried couple deciding to have a baby is so far removed from average Indian society that they might as well be fantasies.   Women fare better in the indie cinema scene, like Dor or Fashion. Since the inception of cinema, literature has attracted all creative filmmakers. In India, pioneers like Pramathesh Barua and Debaki Basu have based their films on the works of writers such as Sarat Chaterjee,. Satyajit Rays film Pather Panchali, which first brought Indian cinema international acclaim, was based on the great work of literature, by famed writer Bhibuti Bhusan Bandopadhyay. Eminent directors across the world are still making films based on the works of Shakespeare, Dickens and Hemingway. This proves, beyond doubt, the irresistible charm literature holds for filmmakers! PROPOSED CHAPTERIZATION- First chapter: How cinema and literature are related It is said that if youre going to see a movie based on a book you think is worth reading, read the book first, you can never read the book with the same imaginative responsiveness to the author once you have seen the movie. Cinema is also used in a response to poetry. The tapes and films were chosen out of the American experimental tradition to exemplify various techniques of marrying the two arts. Poetry as the art of utterance and cinema the art of showing, both whole on their own, dont easily make a good couple. But these film and video makers have taken up the challenge anyway by responding to the spirit and the letter of the poet, creating an original cinematic writing. Cinema and language meet head on, not unified as in conventional film, but remaining distinct and dancing, stepping on toes, wooing each other with the charms of mouth and eye and mind. Youll see images own syntax shuffled, blended, chafing and dovetailing with language; youll hear and read poets work while seeing and hearing filmmakers. The advent of cinema in the early 1900s rapidly led to a link between film and literature, the confluence of both medium becoming especially significant during the early 1930s, and a period that is often referred to as the classic cinematic period. Although the relationship between film and fiction has been largely beneficial, often resulting in increased recognition for novels that were previously unpopular, critical study of the convergence has frequently focused on the drawbacks of this adaptive and interpretive partnering. In recent years, the tie-in between literature and cinema has seen an intense and sustained revival, but discussion continues among critics and reviewers regarding the credibility of film adaptations from texts of fiction. Studying the relationship between film and fiction, critics have noted the value and limitation of each medium. A major point of discussion among scholars is the ability of the written word to convey multiple layers of meaning and consciousness, in contrast to the usually linear progression of events portrayed in film. In fact, some theorize that because of the sheer depth and intensity of novel-length narratives, the novella or short story is more often the right length for adaptation to feature film. Although controversy surrounds the adaptive methods employed by the screenwriters for both texts, there is consensus about the success of both the text and film versions of these works. The second chapter: Cenimatic Adaptations- In this chapter ,try to project some of the best adaptations of literary works that have ever happened.In India, whose Hindi language film industry is nicknamed as Bollywood. Which routinely picks up movies and novels from around the world and copies them without credit and usually end up mangling them. But, sometimes, just sometimes, they get it and end up doing adaptations that are better than the originals they are based on. I do not know why. Basically, Hollywood almost always ruins literary adaptations. There is probably something in the methods of Bollywood that suits these works. Some of the best known works in Bollywood are- No.1 is PINJAR, title means Skeleton and this movie was based on Amrita Pritams novel who is also an anti-socialist.. NO.2 OMKARA is Vishal Bharadwajs take on Othello is set in rural UP, where gun-toting gangsters fight with each other for turf control. Bharadwajs adaptation is very close to the original, differing only in little plot details.. NO.3 SURAJ KA SATWAN GHODAN which means the seventh horse of the sun,is another interesting film NO.4 UTSAV is Girish Kannads movie is based on an ancient Sanskrit play called Mricchakatika. But, Kannad fills his movie with so many extras and have them debate theory of aesthetics that this movie becomes a succesful example of making your adaptation say what the original never said The third chapter: ADAPTATIONS of- 1)Pinjar film based on a Punjabi novel by the same name, written by Amrita Pritam is a story of Puro, a young woman of Hindu background, finding herself living a lovely life in a period circling the time of the Partition of 1947 with her family. All is well for Puro,the main protagnst who finds herself betrothed to a wealthy, sweet young man, from a promising family akin to her own background. Her family lives in Amritsar but journeys to their ancestral village of Chattovani to search for prospective grooms. They finally engage Puro to Ramchand from Rattoval, near her ancestral village. Although her life seems to be well-charted, Puros bliss is shattered one day as a leisurely trip in the fields beyond her home with Raj her younger sister turns traumatic as she is kidnapped by a mysterious Muslim man, who turns out to be Rashid. 2)Omkara Omkara Shukla is a baahubali, a sort of political enforcer, leader of a gang which carries out political crimes for the local politici with Langda Tyagi and the movie starts with Langra trying to and stop Omkara from abducting the bride where on the other hand,Dollys father an advocate, mostly referred in the movie as vakeel saab (lawyer sir), is furious and confronts Omi.He puts gun on omkaras head so,to bring a final solution to this issue, Dolly is made to appear in front of her father and clarify that she eloped with Omi rather than being abducted forcefully. She also tells the events of how she fell in love with Omkara. The father leaves feeling betrayed and ashamed. Later in the story when Langda is disappointed with Omkaras poor judgment and jealous of Kesu, his younger, less-experienced, superior; hatches a plot to avenge both his offenders.He On one hand, playing the role of a concerned friend Langda convinces Kesu to appeal to Dolly, Omis lover and bride-to-be to m ollify Omi. On the other he starts to disrepute Dolly by implicating Kesus visits to ask Dolly for her help as meetings in an illicit love affair between the two. During the climax, on the night of their wedding, Omi is convinced that Dolly and Kesu have been having an affair behind his back. In utter rage, he smothers his new wife to death. Langda shoots Kesu with a silent approval from Omi. Kesu is hit with a bullet on his arm. Hearing gunshots and in shock, Indu enters the room where Omi is sitting next to Dollys corpse in remorse. Indu notices the kamarbandh and mentions stealing it, they both understand the fatal misunderstanding and Langda as its root cause. Both the movies are adaptations of the novels .One of them written by an Indian writter and the other by a Britisher.They have their own styles of writing and the way they presented it.But there is one common point on which both the adaptations are similar and that is The role of a women ,it seems that it is a male dominating society and both the adaptations portray it clearly.So the next chapter would be dealing with this only. The fourth chapter: FEMALES SUBJUGATED BY MALES- The portrayal of women in Indian cinema is the biggest clichÃŽÂ ¹ that the discourse on gender has to address. But the more specific aspect of this clichÃŽÂ ¹ i.e. the representation of the female body and the time and space that accommodate it is worth elaboration. Society was very patriarchal during earlier times; men were in control of all monetary assets. When a man died, his money was actually passed on to the closest living male heir and the women were left penniless. While men and women were allowed to choose their own partners, money/wealth/status was very important and often marriages were made on those grounds alone. Both the plots deal with a very different story line but it shows the condition of a women. In pinjar the very first line says Tu janam mein hi mar gayee hoti. Marriage is the only possible course for the heroines life, and the main proagnist does not seem to expect anything more. We even get a hint of the heroiens abduction and the resulting doubts about her sexual purity when her would be husband sings a song about the agnipariksha (trial by fire) that proves Sitas chastity after her abduction by Ravan. In omkara women is used as a commodity,not given any importance.The girl who is ready to leave everything for Omkaras sake is in the end killed by him only.She is treated badly by her husband as she is no more trusted by her husband. This shows that women are only sacrificing and are always at the receiving end.They are always dominated by males starting from the age of Chaucer till 21st centuary.

The Mandala Archetype in Intertidal Life by Audrey Thomas :: Audrey Thomas Intertidal Life

The Significance of the Mandala Archetype in Intertidal Life      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Audrey Thomas' novel Intertidal Life, is an account of a woman's struggle for Emmersonian self-reliance and identity. The main character, Alice Hoyle, is forced by her husband to undertake a perilous, painful, and chaotic journey into her subconscious, in order to find her "self". This struggle to obtain a new "self" identity and self-reliance is symbolized throughout the novel by the Jungian archetype of the Mandala; a circular image with a center that represents the: "wholeness of personality, [and] the center of the whole... It is the archetype of inner order; and it is always used in that sense, either to make arrangements of the many, many aspects of the universe-a world scheme-or to arrange the complicated aspects of our psyche into a scheme " (Psych,86). Therefore, in Intertidal Life, the Mandala is an archetype arising "when there is a great disorder and chaos in a [woman's] mind... It appears to bring order, showing the possibility of order and centeredn ess" (Psych,86) Alice Hoyle first experiences chaos and despair when Peter admits to Alice that he no longer loves Alice, and he wants to seek out and find himself. She interprets that the move to the island was simply a tact to get Alice easily out of Peter's life. As Alice says,"It's so strange. I've felt so close to you these last few months. I saw the new room, the move over here as something wonderful, a new beginning to our marriage. I guess what I saw as a sunrise, you saw as a sunset" (20). Moreover, as Alice realizes that her husband, Peter is having an affair with Anne-Marie, and her worldly values and ambitions are tossed upside down, she encounters her first Mandala type dream: one night, Alice had a dream of apples. She was holding Flora in her arms and people were pelting at them both with fruit... She was calling and calling for help (24).    In this dream, Alice is the focus of the center of attention, surrounded by people pelting her with apples. A schematic image is presented which is in the form of a Mandala. Out of this dream, she comes to the realization for the first time, that "the other woman" in Peter's life is Anne-Marie (24). Thus, this Mandala represents, that she is unwanted by Peter, must find away to protect herself from her emotions, and she must seek help, in redefining her life. The Mandala Archetype in Intertidal Life by Audrey Thomas :: Audrey Thomas Intertidal Life The Significance of the Mandala Archetype in Intertidal Life      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Audrey Thomas' novel Intertidal Life, is an account of a woman's struggle for Emmersonian self-reliance and identity. The main character, Alice Hoyle, is forced by her husband to undertake a perilous, painful, and chaotic journey into her subconscious, in order to find her "self". This struggle to obtain a new "self" identity and self-reliance is symbolized throughout the novel by the Jungian archetype of the Mandala; a circular image with a center that represents the: "wholeness of personality, [and] the center of the whole... It is the archetype of inner order; and it is always used in that sense, either to make arrangements of the many, many aspects of the universe-a world scheme-or to arrange the complicated aspects of our psyche into a scheme " (Psych,86). Therefore, in Intertidal Life, the Mandala is an archetype arising "when there is a great disorder and chaos in a [woman's] mind... It appears to bring order, showing the possibility of order and centeredn ess" (Psych,86) Alice Hoyle first experiences chaos and despair when Peter admits to Alice that he no longer loves Alice, and he wants to seek out and find himself. She interprets that the move to the island was simply a tact to get Alice easily out of Peter's life. As Alice says,"It's so strange. I've felt so close to you these last few months. I saw the new room, the move over here as something wonderful, a new beginning to our marriage. I guess what I saw as a sunrise, you saw as a sunset" (20). Moreover, as Alice realizes that her husband, Peter is having an affair with Anne-Marie, and her worldly values and ambitions are tossed upside down, she encounters her first Mandala type dream: one night, Alice had a dream of apples. She was holding Flora in her arms and people were pelting at them both with fruit... She was calling and calling for help (24).    In this dream, Alice is the focus of the center of attention, surrounded by people pelting her with apples. A schematic image is presented which is in the form of a Mandala. Out of this dream, she comes to the realization for the first time, that "the other woman" in Peter's life is Anne-Marie (24). Thus, this Mandala represents, that she is unwanted by Peter, must find away to protect herself from her emotions, and she must seek help, in redefining her life.

Pramoedya Anata Toer Essay

Inem, is a short story written by Pramoedya Anata Toer. He was a Indonesian short story writter and a novel writer, born in a village called Blora. Blora was the village in short story where (Gus Muk), his mom, and Inems family lived in. The author refers to his culture and events about his life in the story. His father in real life is a activist who ruined his family by obsessive gambling. Pramoedya writes alot of Indonesian literature. The aspects of culture in â€Å"Inem,† is the tradition of child marriages. In some parts of the world child marriages was a tradition. Girls at a young age were supposed to marry an older boy. The story also shows the reader some of the cultural aspects such as popular entertainment and dances in her area. The characters in the story are, Gus Muk (age6) a boy, also the narrator who basically trails Inems life. Inems father who is a criminal and gambles alot, her mother who lives off batik work and helps the family, and Markaban (age17) who is Inem’s husband. Lastly theres Inem (age 8) a so called beatiful girl in the neighbor hood who had great manners. Inem is in search of happiness with her new life and husband but ends up being a beaten divorcee. Overview/summary It’s a story told in second person perspective about a beautiful young girl (Inem) who is a servant to a boy (Gus Muk) and his mother. In the story Inem is so beautiful and respectful and able to do many things but is only eight years old and Gus Muk is six. Eventually her mother found a man named, Markaban who is seventeen years old. Her mom did not want to let this marriage go so she wants Inem to get married so she can help her familly at home. Inems family and the husband family both accept the marriage. Inem’s father was a criminal who robbed people in the forest, but was never arrested. Inems mother had a talk with Gus Muk’s mother to try and get her to come home. The boys mother disapproves of the marriage and does not want Inem to go on with this. Gus Muk’s mom said † It’s not right to make children mary repeatedly.† Inems mother said that it would be a shame for her not to be married at such a old age. Inem was later taken home to prepare for her wedding day. Gus Muk’s mom did not want him playing with Inem but that did not stop him from going over to play. The day before the wedding Gus Muk sent her family five kilos of rice and twenty-five cents as a gift. The day of her wedding came, and everything was going well, the house was decorated, the tajuban dancing girls was the entertainment, and finally Inem and her husband get married. Inem was officially married and worked with her mom making batik. Every night Gus Muk and his mother listen to screaming and crying when Inems husband wrestles with her. She comes crying to Gus Muks mom and tells her that Markaban beats her and she tells her to go back home and serve Markaban faithfully. Inem comes back again but finally divorced with her husband, and asks if Gus Muks mother can taker her back, but Gus Muks mom denies her request and sends her back home. Inem gets beaten by anyone who wanted to, her family and neighbors could because she was a burden to the family. Although she cries and screams she never came back to Gus Muk’s house.

Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essays

Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essays Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essay Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide Essay Chapter 1 Notes * Robert Hooke * Discovered Cellulae (Cells) * Formed Basis of Cell Theory * 1. Cell basic unit of life * 2. All living organisms are made of cells * 3. Must have living cells to make more cells * Anton Von Leeuwenhoek * Father microbiology microscopy * Discovered microorganisms (animalcules) * Disproved microorganisms were heaven sent * Put clean bowl out during rainstorm no microorganism * Let sit * Days later microorganisms formed from air * Ferdinand Cohn Discovered endospores (enable some bacteria to survive adverse environmental conditions) * Why growth occurred in experiments that disproved/proved SG * Louis Pasteur * Definitive experiment that disproved SG * Fermentation * Pasteurization: heat liquid to temp. that kills the most heat resistant pathogen but NOT all (milk) * Vaccination against Rabies (Rhabdovirus), anthrax (bacillusanthracis), Chicken Cholera (bacterium) * Silkworm industry * Disease (protozoan) was killing silk moths * Developed a method to detect diseased moths and separate * Lady Mary Montagu * Wife British Ambassador to Turkey * Developed Smallpox Observed Turkish women engrafting * Spread mild small pox to other by injecting into their veins * Patient would then be immune to smallpox * Reject because she was woman not doctor/scientist * Carl Linnaeus * Developed science of taxonomy * Scientific Nomenclature * Binomial nomenclature * Process of giving all organisms 2 scientific names * Genus species * Edward Jenner * Discovered process of vaccination * Worked with cowpox milkmaids * Milk cowpox scrap pustal scratch skin w/ needle develop mild cowpox immune to smallpox * John Snow * First epidemiologist Traced Cholera epidemic to common H2O pump that was contaminated * Ignaz Semmelweis * Puerperal Fever (child bed fever) major cause of mortality to mothers and infants * Death in midwife ward = low ; death in doctor/med student ward = high * Doctors/med students contact w/ cadavers that previously died from disease * Spread disease to living mothers * Required hand washing with chlorite of lime * Joseph Lister * Concerned with incidence of infection and mortality from surgery * Aseptic Surgery = used carbolic acid (phenol) on incision site, instruments, and bandages * John Tyndall Boiling was not sufficient to sterilize broths and agar * Tyndallization Process: * Liquid is heated to boiling (100Â °C) allowed to sit and cool for 24hours * Liquid is reheated to boiling (100Â °C) and then allow to cool and sit for another 24 hours * Repeat * Robert Koch * Developed concept of causative agent of disease (MO cause disease) * Germ Theory of Disease – developed many microbiological techniques, media and procedures * Tuberculin – thought founded vaccine (incorrect) .. use as first step to determine if person has TB * Fanny Hesse * Worked for Robert Koch Used Agar to convert liquid brother to slid medium * Koch’s Postulates (Identifying which bacteria causes which disease) * MO m ust be present in every case of the disease. Every host must have the same signs and symptoms of the disease * Isolate the microorganism and grow it in pure culture outside the host * Pure culture must be inoculated into a healthy susceptible host. Experimentally infected host must exhibit the same signs and symptoms of the disease * The Microorganism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected host and shown to be identical to the original MO * Paul Ehrlich Concept chemotherapy * Syphilis – Treponema palladium * Compound 606-Salvarsan (Arsenic containing compound) * Alexander Fleming * Accidently discovered antibiotics * Antibiotics = naturally produced compounds that inhibit the growth of other MOs * Working with Staphylococcus aureus (opportunistic pathogen- must be proper conditions to cause infection) * Most antibiotics produced by bacteria, followed by fungi * Martinus Beijerinck * Concept of Viruses * Soil microorganisms-isolated the first soil MOs * Sergei Win ogradsky * Sulfur metabolism by microorganisms * Concept of nitrogen fixation * Biochemical cycles Symbiotic relationships * Barbara McClintock * Transposons – cause Maize (jumping genes- genes move themselves and create different color kernals) * James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins * Structure of DNA * Molecular biology and genetics * Thomas Brock * Thermophilic microorganisms (high temperature loving microorganisms) * Thermus and Sulfolobus * Lynn Margulis * Endosymbiont Theory * Big prokaryotic cell engulfs little prokaryotic cell * Little survives insides but loses many functions (energy conversion, protein synthesis) * Little becomes mitochondria or chloroplast Eukaryotic Cell evolved * Carl B. Woese * Molecular systematic based on 16sRNA * Improved ability to identify MO * Stanley Prusinier * Discovered Prions * Protenaous Infectious Particles * Luc Montagnier * Discovered human immunodeficiency virus * Barry Marshall and Robin Warren * Ca usative agent of gastric peptic ulcers * MO colonize in stomach * Disbelieved b. c stomach is so acidic and has enzymes * Antibiotics cure ulcers * Demonstrated effect pharmaceutical industry practice of gastroenterology against 2 men

Commercial Drivers License Guide Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire

Commercial Drivers License Guide Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire If you live in Maine, Vermont or New Hampshire, check this round up of state guidelines and see what you’ll need to do to be certified to drive safely behind the wheel of a commercial rig!  If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. MaineTo obtain a CDL:You must have a valid noncommercial license from your current stateYour license cannot be under suspension or revokedYou must not have been convicted of a disqualifying crime in the last 5 years.You can get an application from any Maine Bureau of Motor Vehicles office or online.Written and Skills ExamsYou  will schedule separate appointments for your written and skills exams. You will receive a notice with the date, location, and time for your written test, which will include additional testing for each endorsement you hope to obtain.On your testing day, you must  take an eye exam. If   you successfully pass the written and eye exams, you’ll receive a learner’s permit and a skills exam request card.You must self-certify your type of vehicle operation with the Maine BMV in one of the following driving categories:Non-Excepted InterstateExcepted InterstateNon-Excepted IntrastateExcepted IntrastateIf you choose Non-Excepted Interstate, you must provide the BMV with a federal medical certificate.New HampshireDrivers who currently hold a valid New Hampshire operator’s license and wish to add commercial classifications may appear at any DMV office between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. to begin testing. On that day, you must bring:A current valid New Hampshire licenseAn  applicationA valid, up-to-date  medical cardEvery applicant is required to pass a  vision test and the CDL General Knowledge Test. Based on the desired  classifications and endorsements, you will be asked to take additional knowledge tests. Make sure you know everyth ing you will have to take before you arrive on your testing day.Once you have passed your  required knowledge tests, you will schedule a  road skills test for the appropriate endorsements and classifications.VermontRequirementsYou must be at least 18 years old and hold a valid Vermont Class D Operator’s License to obtain a Commercial Learner’s Permit.You must be at least 18 years old to obtain a CDL and operate a commercial vehicle within Vermont (Intrastate commerce).You must be at least 21 years old to operate a commercial motor vehicle between Vermont and another state (Interstate commerce).You must be 18 years old to obtain the Hazardous Materials Endorsement for Intrastate commerce and 21 years of age to obtain the Hazardous Materials Endorsement for Interstate commerce.What to BringAll Driver Licenses or Learner Permits issued to you by any stateBirth certificateProof of residencyProof of legal presence, if applicableSocial Security NumberDepartment of Transp ortation (DOT) Medical Card, if applicableThe vehicle used for the skills test must have a valid inspection sticker and meet all inspection requirementsYou must also file for a CDL Medical Self-Certification.Good luck!

Emergency Medical Services Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emergency Medical Services - Research Paper Example It is necessary to immediately begin appropriate resuscitation and at the same time arranging for possible hospital care. Clinically, the presentation of a patient with cardiac arrest is that of sudden loss of consciousness accompanied by loss of pulsation in any major artery such as femoral or carotid. The speed of pre-hospital care is the key since even very minor delays may adversely affect prognosis (Ewy, 2007). It has been recommended that the time taken to assess the circulation in such patients should not exceed more than 10 seconds, and wasting time for noting other confirmatory clinical features would be waste of time without any contribution to the diagnosis. In fact taking care of the patients with cardiac arrest in the pre-hospital settings is one of the defining characteristic EMS of professionals since they are trained to recognize and manage the undifferentiated patient with cardiac arrest, although this can be most effectively accomplished through an appropriate understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest and developing ability and skills to correlate the principles behind the resuscitation of these patients to those pathophysiological events. ... Clinically, the presentation of a patient with cardiac arrest is that of sudden loss of consciousness accompanied by loss of pulsation in any major artery such as femoral or carotid. The speed of pre-hospital care is the key since even very minor delays may adversely affect prognosis (Ewy, 2007). It has been recommended that the time taken to assess the circulation in such patients should not exceed more than 10 seconds, and wasting time for noting other confirmatory clinical features would be waste of time without any contribution to the diagnosis. d. Implications of emergency pre-hospital interventions in transit In fact taking care of the patients with cardiac arrest in the pre-hospital settings is one of the defining characteristic EMS of professionals since they are trained to recognize and manage the undifferentiated patient with cardiac arrest, although this can be most effectively accomplished through an appropriate understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac arrest and developing ability and skills to correlate the principles behind the resuscitation of these patients to those pathophysiological events. Although a qualified physician is always involved in such resuscitation teams, the care is delivered by the paramedical staff. e. Modification the prognosis of cardiac arrest However, that does not in any way lead to compromise in the quality of such services since modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques such as closed chest cardiac massage, mouth-to-mouth ventilation, advances in external defibrillation techniques, and development of other relevant noninvasive techniques that can be suitably delivered in the pre-hospital settings have improved the skills of the EMS professionals to an astronomical degree in comparison to the earlier times.

Choosing a Health Care Provider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Choosing a Health Care Provider - Essay Example He needs a flexible insurance medical cover to allow him contribute premiums according to his financial capabilities. The cover should allow his dependents to access medical care from different hospitals and subsequently cover a range of diseases. Further, it should cover both inpatient and outpatient services in addition to covering minor surgeries and accidents at an affordable cost (Bowers, Swan, & Koehler, 2011). A good provider has certified qualifications in his area of specialization. He has the necessary academic qualifications and experience in health care services. An experienced provider can handle most illnesses without referrals that add cost to the subscriber. The subscriber’s care philosophy should match that of the provider. The philosophy of care relates to how serious the provider takes his role especially in making decisions on treatment. The subscriber should ask about availability of hospital privileges such as personal doctors and 24 hour services. A bad medical provider doesn’t have a sustainable financial record and may stop the medical coverage anytime (Bowers, Swan, & Koehler, 2011). A provider who limits a subscriber’s choice of doctors and hospitals is a bad provider. A provider is also bad if he doesn’t offer a comprehensive cover with numerous benefits. The cover should be affordable over the years regardless of external economic factors and

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Paper 2 - Essay Example In the film the director portrays the problem of racism as the byproduct of hatred towards skin color. Mark A. Reid stated that, â€Å"To gain a popular black audience, Micheaux’s action films presented the twenties from a black perspective† (12). To be specific, the director makes use of his film as a tool to expose his attitude on racism in the mainstream society. Sylvia Landry, the female protagonist knows that racism still prevails in the society, but she tries to overcome the same by immersing herself in worldly affairs. Jane Gaines opined that, â€Å"Within Our Gates was thus linked to fear of cataclysmic social change, a linkage obfuscated by the smoke screen of â€Å"race riot†Ã¢â‚¬  (163). The turning point in the film is related to the female protagonist’s unexpected meeting with Rev. Jacobs. Within this scenario, Landry realizes that she cannot alienate herself from the problems faced by the black children. So, she decides to raise fund for th e local school. This change in attitude is important because the same is related to her attitude towards racism. So, one can see that the director makes use of the female protagonist and the sad plight of black children to express his attitude on racism. From a different angle of view, one can see that the director makes use of the main characters as his mouthpiece to share his social message with the viewers. To be specific, the director leads the viewers towards the female protagonist’s past to prove that she is the victim of racism and she is trying her level best to save herself from haunting memories. Stefanie Laufs stated that, â€Å"In his movies, Micheaux addressed racial discrimination and counteracted black stereotypes with images of the New Negro and a new feeling of race pride† (43). The character named as Rev. Jacobs is symbolic of social responsibility towards the downtrodden population. On the other side, an unnamed character (say,

Presences of Others Essay Example for Free

Presences of Others Essay It is shown that people have the tendency to perform better when in a group this is called social facilitation. There have been other studies done contradicting this and with more difficult experiments it actually hurts a person’s performance in a group. As Zajonc stated; a state of arousal is linked to performance without the presence of others. When an individuals is faced with a more difficult task it may lower that persons self esteem and then lead to that person not performing at his or her best. Most people are afraid of being judged and this will affect all of our normal everyday behaviors due to a low self esteem issues. Now with simple tasks a person’s performance can be a positive and a stimulating experience allowing a person to perform better and set higher goals for themselves and have higher self esteem. I am a person who can identify with these, in starting school a few years back I was very intimidated and self conscious about being in a class room with people I did not know. I watched everything I said or did and did not want to even raise my hand because I did not want to be embarrassed if I answered incorrectly or sounded stupid. At first in my class I did not perform very well with the group, but as I got to know everyone my positivity started coming out and I was able to benefit with being in a group and excelled. The article I read in the Journal of Social Psychology was about a widely accepted finding that in social psychology, that the mere presence of others reduces anxiety. Based on Wrightsman’s widely accepted findings, that his study which he originally demonstrated that the reduction of anxiety is less in the presence of others (at least firstborns). Though Epley raised some questions on the methodology of Wrightsman’s study and about the real reason there was an anxiety reduction, Epley stated that it was probably due to the distractions or social comparison and not just the  presence of others. I believe that depending on the situation the group may be in. I also found that also it depends on the situation and task at hand that a group is in and if the conditions are peaceful or hectic. The next article I read stated that the presence and type of situation and the connection between the two with the presence of an audience and how they react to the performance. Partic ipants were performing various tasks both in group settings and alone. In group settings word association was better performed compared to problem solving tasks which were more successful while performed alone. It all depends on the task at hand and in what situation the task is being performed in and under what conditions. Reference Journal of Social Psychology. Aug1978, Vol. 105 Issue 2, p301. 2p.

Oregon Trail :: essays research papers fc

CROSSING THE Great Plains The Oregon Trail was an overland emigrant route in the United States from the Missouri River to the Columbia River country, was the way to travel back in the 1840’s through the 1860’s. In 1843 the "Great Emigration" began and the west would never be the same after the out set of the travelers. The pioneers by wagon train did not, however, follow any single narrow route. In open country the different trains might spread out over a large area, only to converge again for river crossings, mountain passes. In time many alternate routes also developed. They originated at various places on the Missouri, although Independence were favorite starting points, the routes taken along with the wagon trails are the key points in which made it possible to travel west. Those starting from Independence followed the same route as the Santa Fe Trail for some 40 miles, then traveled to the Platte and generally followed that river to the North Platte and t hen the South Platte. Crossing the South Platte, the main trail followed the North Platte to Fort Laramie, then to the present Casper, Wyo. and through the mountains by the South Pass to the Colorado River. The travelers then went to Fort Bridger, from which the Mormon Trail continued to the Great Salt Lake, while the Oregon Trail went northwest across a divide to Fort Hall, on the Snake River. The California Trail branched off to the southwest, but the Oregon Trail continued to Fort Boise. From that point the travelers had to make the hard climb over the Blue Mountains. Once those were crossed, paths diverged somewhat; many went to Fort Walla Walla before proceeding down the south bank of the Columbia River, traversing the Columbia's gorge where it passes through the Cascade Mountains to the Willamette Valley, where the early settlement centered. The end of the trail shifted as settlement spread. The mountain men were chiefly responsible for making the route known, and Thomas Fitzp atrick and James Bridger were renowned as guides. The first genuine emigrant train was that led by John Bidwell in 1841, half of which went to California, the rest proceeding from Fort Hall to Oregon. The first train of emigrants to reach Oregon was that led by Elijah White in 1842. In 1843 occurred the "Great Emigration" of more than 900 persons and more than 1,000 head of stock.

The Day I Almost Lost My Father :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Day I Almost Lost My Father One day in the midst of summer, my friend Mike and I got off from a hard day of work and were on our way to the mall. While at work we had planned to meet a few people there. I was going to be seeing my friend Jessica who I had not talked to in years. Before leaving, we stopped off at our houses, took showers, and got ready. As I anxiously waited on the stairs for his car to roll into the driveway, my mom said, â€Å"Be careful and do not drive like an idiot.† I obviously said alright and she was on her way. Minutes later I see my friend Mike pull into the driveway. I slipped my feet into my shoes and got in his car. We were almost to the mall when his phone rang. He picked it up and said, â€Å"Hello?† It was my mom and she wanted to speak to me. Upon putting the phone to my ear she told me that I had to come home right away. She said that my dad had just gotten into a car crash and that I had to come home and watch my sister. I did not know how to break the news to Mi ke, that what we were anticipating all day would not happen. He was upset, but he understood what was going on. I came home thinking it was the same old same old; he had gotten hit by a drunk driver, the car got totaled, and he was fine. This time was different. Normally when I ask what happened she says, â€Å"You know your father,† or something to that nature. This time was different; she would not talk to me or tell me what happened. I later found out that my dad had shattered his hip and pelvis. This event greatly affected me, both emotionally and physically. My dad was in the hospital in a lot of pain because he shattered the two most painful bones to break and I could not go see him because of my work schedule and because I had to watch my sister. Finally, after four long days I saw him. Even though he is my dad, I must say he was a mess. He could not move at all, and when he tried to he was in a lot of pain.

Enron Case Study Summary

Enron Case Study The case of Enron is a fascinating one. United States is a country where auditing and accounting principles are so strong. How can something take place on such high level in the United States? The Enron case demonstrates the need to reform the accounting and corporate governance practices in the United States. Moreover, the Enron case made government officials to pay close attention to deregulated energy market. Some of the aspects that struck me are discussed below. One of the aspects that struck me was the vision of the top management.Enron was in the business of energy, but Kenneth Lay built management team of MBAs, not individuals specialized in gas and energy field. My view is that top management has to have a clear vision. It seemed that Kenneth Lay vision of the company was distorted. Enron transformed from an energy company into an investment company. Hence, the management team was comprised of traders and investment bankers who had very little knowledge of t he energy business. As the business model of Enron changed so did the corporate culture. The culture was â€Å"Get it done. Get it done now. Reap the rewards. The new business was the buying and selling of commodities. The employees were rewarded for business deals regardless of long-term consequences. I feel this kind of reward system is not beneficial to companies; it is very short-term view of business. Moreover, analysts were derided when they asked questions about the earnings-report. These actions points that the corporate culture was of Enron was disruptive. This raises the questions on the role of boards of directors. It seems like the boards of directors of Enron had very little knowledge about the activities of Fastow and Lay.It’s interesting that the boards of directors had so little knowledge of thing happening in the company. The takeaway from this is that boards of directors should pay close attention to the management behavior and money generating strategies. The boards of directors need to take active participation in company not only when things are bad, but also when things are good. Another aspect was the business practices of the Arthur Andersen firm. It’s shocking to see one of the most prestige firms to engage in such a big fraud. The firm played a role of not only as an auditor, but also as a consultant for Enron.The conflict of interest was sure to take place. The firm saw the opportunity to make money by hiding Enron’s financial information. Basically, the firm helped Enron to cook books. I believe that some executives of Andersen firm were driven by greed and lack of ethical sense that made them act in a fraudulent activities. Moreover, it seems that Andersen had weak internal control in terms of auditing. The practices of this firm raised questions about the accounting and auditing system of the United States. The congress was quick to repond by adopting set of reforms.For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley bill was pa ssed to reform the accounting and auditing industries. The important part of the bill was the separation of roles: the separation of consulting and audit business. Yet, another aspect was the impact on the economy, particularly the energy industry. This was interesting because it shows how Enron impacted the economy and business environment. The financing for energy companies dried up because of Enron scandal. As a result of limited financing options, many companies went bankrupt. The confidence of investors was shaken. Many investors hesitated to invest in energy corporations.I believe that the Enron incident encouraged many analysts and investors to question the financial reporting and long term money making strategies of companies. Furthermore, the professional corruption also struck me. The management used financial cleverness as a financial strategy. The recording of assets and profits that were inflated or non-existent showed professional corruption. Additionally, the involvem ent in dishonest accounting practices was just too much. Moreover, the interviews for recruitment took place in strip clubs. The whole corporate culture was somewhat corrupted.The aspect that jumped out from the case was the relentless pursuit of profits. Yes, the main goal of any business is to make profit, but social values should be kept in mind. I believe that the compensation system at Enron was also to blame. People involved in the scandal were making huge sum of money. The intriguing aspect in this case was how Fastow was able to create special purpose entities (SPE). Fastow was creating these SPEs to segregate financial activities from Enron’s balance sheet. The SPEs provided Enron a way to move debt from the balance sheet so the credit rating could remain high.The commodities swapping mechanism required high credit rating. The SPEs allowed Enron to disguise debt and loss as revenue. Enron deceived investor and creditors. Furthermore, Enron invested in other companies . Once the investments began to show losses, they were transferred to SPEs. This method allowed the sale of investment to SPEs. Hence, the sale of investment was shown as gain to Enron. Another interesting fact was that analysts didn’t raise red any flags. I am sure that many analysts recommended the buying of Enron stocks. This scandal made investors and analysts more cautious.Analysts and investors began to ask questions: 1) how does company make money? 2) Can company sustain strategy over the long term? Basically, the laws got strict and analysts were more observant. These are some of the aspects that were intriguing to me or struck me. The case of Enron will continue to be a lesson in ethics and corporate responsibility. The government agencies should not relax and should make sure that industries are regulated when it comes to reporting financial information. The incident of Arthur Andersen serves as an example for other accounting firms.

Brief Overview of the film Psycho essays

Brief Overview of the film Psycho essays Mort Mills - California Highway Patrolman The plot of this film is rather complex and undoubtedly subject to a whole lot of interpretations. Nevertheless the film starts off with the beautiful Marion Crane (Janet Leigh), a real estate secretary in Phoenix, Arizona and lover of Sam Loomis (John Gavin) warning Sam that she is sick and tired of their illegal sexual escapades. She scolds Sam that she wants respectability and the right thing for them would be to get married so that everything would be legitimate. Sam says he is financially handicapped because of a hefty alimony he pays to his ex-wife and obligations to his late fathers debtors and insists that they have to wait for some time to put his finances in order before they get married. When Marions boss gives her $40,000 cash to deposit in the bank, she decides to take off with the money and go see her lover Sam who has returned to Fairvale, California with the intention that they can settle some of the debts and finally get married. Having drove all night and day, she checks into this off- the -road motel. There she meets this timid, shy and stuttering manager Norman Bates who invites her to dinner at his house. After a loud argument ensues between the manager and his mom who is said to be not too well, they have dinner in the office. Conversations with Norman reveals how trapped he is with his dominant mother but Norman philosophies how ultimately we have all fallen into various traps of our own makings. Marion seems to have had a change of heart and decides to return with the money back to Phoenix the following morning. She is however brutally murdered as she takes her bath by a shadowy figure believed to Normans mom. A private detective sent by M ...

Race against empire essays

Von Eschen/Race against empire essays Penny M. Von Eschen did an excellent job arguing her thesis that people of color across the globe must join together to fight for freedom to demand human rights. Von Eschens central argument through out the whole book is the African Americans and people of color are linked together internationally through struggles. More power lies on 400 million blacks than 22 million African Americans. Money makes the world go around is a phrase many people have said in song lyrics, but the truth lies in those very lines. Von Eschen lets the readers of her book discover this. The constant search for new enterprise leads to one group of people being oppressed. This book covers the struggles of African Americans and people of color working together to pave the way for my generation. In chapter one Von Eschen does her job as a writer and historian by revealing the contributetations of African American journalist, intellectuals, and political leaders. She shows various examples of how each of the three categories bought their share of hard work and dedication to the fight. Journalist kept the connection between African Americans and people of color in contact with what was going on through out the globe. Journalist helped give the people of color their attitude towards colonialism by providing three readers with information on the war and the treatment of other colored people through out the globe. Journalist also played a role in the political leaders life. They let the public be allowed to here the voices of people such as Du Boise and Marcus Garvey from their own homes and neighborhoods. These political leaders announced their next move or their next idea and the journalist carried the supporters or soon to be supporters. Media was the back bone to the Pan African movement. Von Eschen reveals vital information about the political leader Marcus Garvey and his Universal Negro Movement on page 10. She ...

Definition and Examples of a Writer

Definition and Examples of a Writer A writer is: (a) a person who writes (articles, stories, books, etc.); (b) an author: a person who writes professionally. In the words of author and editor Sol Stein, A writer is someone who cannot not write. Etymology:  From an Indo-European root, to cut, scratch, sketch an outline Examples and Observations Everyone is a writer. You are a writer. All over the world, in every culture, human beings have carved into stone, written on parchment, birch bark, or scraps of paper, and sealed into letterstheir words. Those who do not not write stories and poems on solid surfaces tell them, sing them, and, in so doing, write them on the air. Creating with words is our continuing passion.(Pat Schneider, Writing Alone and With Others. Oxford University Press, 2003)A writer is someone who writes, its true, but a writer is also someone with a large capacity for adversity. Youll want to cultivate that capacity. Stamina is a writers first quality.(Bill Roorbach, Writing Life Stories. Writers Digest, 2000)We all know its hard work. Nobody asked any one of us to become a writer. No one will care if you dont become one.No one but you, that is.(George V. Higgins, On Writing. Henry Holt, 1990)Writers are sentenced to their sentences, which sometimes set them free.(Adam Gopnik, As Big as the Ritz. The New Yo rker, September 22, 2014) Gushers and TricklersIn regard to the work habits of professional authors, Robertson Davies insisted that there are just two kinds of writers, gushers and tricklers. Take a moment to consider which category you fall into.[James] Thurber  was a gusher; for one story which was 20,000 words when finished, he wrote a total of 240,000, and fifteen different versions. It is interesting that the torrential Thurber is the one who talked most about that dread of all writers - drying up. . . . Frank OConnor was also a gusher; he rewrote some of his stories even after they had been published.The tricklers may be represented by William Styron, who says: I cant turn out slews of stuff each day. I wish I could. I seem to have some neurotic need to perfect each paragrapheach sentence, evenas I go along.  Dorothy Parker, also a trickler, said: I cant write five words but I change seven!The industry of the gushers commands respect; Joyce Cary, Frank OConnor, and  [Truman] Capotewe see them writ ing and  revising, rejecting pages by the handful, and finally piecing their work together from the mass. But the tricklers have an agony of their own; they cannot continue until the last line written is as right as they can make it. Both methods seem to take about an equal amount of time.(Robertson Davies,   A Voice from the Attic: Essays on the Art of Reading, rev. ed. Penguin, 1990) A Writing ExerciseBefore you begin writing about your life, I want you to think about how you feel about writing. We all have our personal mythology of what a writer is and does. I want you to write for fifteen minutes to complete the following sentence: A writer is someone who _______.Write for fifteen minutes without stopping, letting yourself explore the possibilities. Let go of all your inhibitions and enjoy yourself. Remember to be honest. When you are finished, take a look at what you have written. Did anything surprise you?If you are working with a partner, take turns reading what each of you has written and discuss the work.(Janet Lynn Roseman, The Way of the Woman Writer, 2nd ed. Haworth, 2003)Writers WriteIf you simply define a writer as someone who is writing, clarity sets in. Youre truly a writer when youre writing; and if you dont write regularly, dont pretend to give yourself that title. Start writing more, Ray Bradbury tells would-be writers at conferences, itll get ri d of all those moods youre having.(Kenneth John Atchity, A Writers Time: Making the Time to Write, rev. ed. W.W. Norton, 1995) You Are a WriterA writer is a writer. You care about writing. It isnt men or women. . . . You sit down, you write, you are not a woman, or an Italian. You are a writer.(Natalia Ginzburg, interviewed by Mary Gordon, Surviving History. The New York Times Magazine, Marc. 25, 1990)What Is a Writer Like?- A writer is like a bean plant: he has his little day, and then gets stringy.(attributed to E.B. White)- Being a writer is like being one of those riskily overbred pedigree dogsa French bulldog, for instancepoorly suited for survival despite their very special attributes. Being a writer is in defiance of Darwins observation that the more highly specialized a species, the more likelihood of extinction.(Joyce Carol Oates, A Widows Story: A Memoir. HarperCollins, 2011)- A writer is like a Gypsy. He owes no allegiance to any government. If he is a good writer he will never like the government he lives under. His hand should be against it and its hand will always be against him.(Ernest Hemingw ay, letter to Ivan Kashkin, Aug. 19, 1935)- Being a writer is like having homework every night for the rest of your life.(attributed to Lawrence Kasdan) The Downside of Being a WriterYou may have gathered from all this that I am not encouraging people to try to be writers. Well, I cant. You hate to see a nice young person run up to the edge of the cliff and jump off, you know. On the other hand, it is awfully nice to know that some other people are just as nutty and just as determined to jump off the cliff as you are. You just hope they realize what theyre in for.(Ursula K. Le Guin, The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, ed. by Susan Wood. Ultramarine, 1980)On the whole, professional writers are a lot of whining bastards who wouldnt last a day in a real job. . . . The true mortification of being a writer is having to meet other writers from time to time, and listen to their mundane egotistical rantings.(Duncan McLean, quoted by Jim Fisher in The Writers Quotebook: 500 Authors on Creativity, Craft, and the Writing Life. Rutgers University Press, 2006) Pronunciation: RI-ter Writers on Writing Toni Morrison on WritingWhy Do Writers Write?​Writers on Writing: E.B. WhiteWriters on Writing: Overcoming Writers BlockWriters on Rewriting Also see: WritingCollaborative WritingCompositionWriters BlockWriting CenterWriting GroupWriting Process